School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School - Essay Example Adolescent Court is held in the court at the Easton town hall. High schooler Court is like a typical court, however the adjudicator, jury, and legal counselors are for the most part kids, 14-17 years of age. At the point when I went to Teen Court, a portion of my schoolmates were legal advisors, and another was the Judge. I was allowed to clarify what occurred at the gathering, and I was addressed by my attorney and the restricting legal advisor. At the point when my case had been heard, I was condemned by the jury. They condemned me to serve on three Teen Court juries, and to do thirty-five hours of network administration. To compound the situation, my folks were out of away and my grandma was remaining with me. I was so steamed at this I didn't have the foggiest idea what to do. I needed to tell my folks when they called, however chose to stand by with the goal that I wouldn't destroy their outing. It was at the forefront of my thoughts so much I was unable to rest, and I felt awful that I had allowed my folks to parents. I was likewise stressed that I would not have the option to play ball at school. I love playing b-ball; it's one of my preferred games. Considering how I had accomplished something moronic that may demolish my future fantasy about playing ball at school was a genuine eye-opener for me. I have never determined while impaired nor have I ridden with anybody when they were driving drunk.

Sublime by Sublime free essay sample

On the off chance that you are laid back and love being at the sea shore, at that point you should take a stab at tuning in to the band, Sublime. Great is a ska punk and reggae musical crew from California. Their band comprises of 3 laid back, sensible folks. Bradley Nowell, the voice of the team, Eric Wilson, the bass, and Bud Gaugh, the drummer. Their band is so unique and unique, it’s inconceivable not to cherish them. Superb has discharged such huge numbers of imaginative melodies, for example, â€Å"Santeria†, â€Å"Wrong Way†, and â€Å"April 29, 1992†. Numerous individuals, regardless of whether they don’t tune in to Sublime, have still heard these melodies and love them. One of my undisputed top choices is â€Å"Scarlet Begonias† where Nowell portrays a delightful, blues adoring young lady he met in California. Sublime’s most well known tune, â€Å"What I Got†, will have everybody chiming in with the radio. In contrast to certain groups, Sublime really had a mascot. Their mascot was their Dalmatian, Lou Dog, who Bradley protected and embraced. We will compose a custom paper test on Brilliant by Sublime or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Louie has been known to stroll around in front of an audience during appears. Another mainstream figure for their band is the Sun. Nobody really knows the importance of the Sun, and whether it really has a significance. Their band endeavored to get individuals to hear them out. Initially, no music scenes would permit them to play right off the bat in their profession since they were doubtful. Superb at that point renamed themselves to â€Å"Skunk Records† to sound increasingly proficient. Music settings at that point began allowing them to play. They began going to little clubs and gatherings to play all through southern California. Subsequent to doing these shows, they recorded a few melodies and made a couple of short demos. The entirety of their difficult work at long last paid off. Lamentably, on May 25, 1996, Bradley Nowell kicked the bucket of an overdose not long before they discharged their collection, â€Å"Killin’ It†. Their melodies despite everything live on, causing you to feel you are at the sea shore when you hear them out. Their vibes keep on being a success and remain as a cherished memory to me. Work Cited Sublime, Long Beach California. Glorious. Heavenly, 2016. n.d. 4 February 2016

Mind Mapping in College Tips, Tools, and Examples

Mind Mapping in College Tips, Tools, and Examples The amount of content you’re presented with in college can be quite overwhelming, which is why many college students realize that the note-taking and learning systems they used during high schoolâ€"if they had systems at allâ€"are ineffective in college. Mind mapping in college can make the transition much less overwhelming. In this article, we’re going to: show you how mind mapping can help you learn, study, and stay organized provide some mind mapping examples that you can use for inspiration introduce you to MindMeister, a free online mind mapping tool The Benefits of Mind Mapping in College Research has shown that mind mapping has a lot of benefits that apply to college students. Mind mapping helps you tie new knowledge in with knowledge you already have. This makes the technique helpful when you’re trying to understand complicated subjects and when you need to memorize information for an exam. Mind mapping also improves your writing, productivity, and creativity. Since you’ll inevitably be writing a lot of papers, becoming a better, more creative, and faster writer will help you in nearly every class you take as a college student. So how can you take advantage of these benefits? Let’s look at some examples. 6 Mind Mapping Examples for College Students If you’re looking for some ideas for how you can use mind mapping to get organized, study more effectively, understand difficult concepts, or become a better writer, consider these six mind mapping examples for college students. 1. Get familiar with class expectations by creating a syllabus mind map At the beginning of each class you take in college, your professor will hand you a multi-page syllabus that contains many important pieces of information like: assignments you’ll be expected to complete the grading system the professor will use information about essays and exams the topics you’ll cover in the course links to online resources or reading materials By the end of your first week of school, you’ll have multiple syllabi from multiple instructors, each containing key details about your classes that you will be wholly responsible for keeping up with over the course of the semester. Building a mind map for each of your syllabi is a great way to parse the information, remember what you’re responsible for all semester long, and get the details into a format that’s easier to skim for important information than multiple pages of text: Want to use the example above as a template for your syllabus mind map? Just sign up for a free MindMeister account, then make a copy of the template. 2. Use mind mapping for college-level note-taking Research has shown that activities like highlighting text in articles/books and taking notes during a lecture are less effective ways to learn because they don’t inspire meaningful engagement. If you’re not meaningfully engaged with what you’re learning, you’ll be less likely to learn and less likely to remember what you did learn. Mind mappingâ€"on the other handâ€"does meaningfully engage you because it forces you to make connections and think through what you’re learning as you build your mind map. For this reason, it’s a far superior way to take notes when reading or listening to a lecture. When reading books or articles for class, mind mapping your notes instead of just highlighting will improve your reading comprehension and make it easier to find important notes later. And using mind maps to take notes during class lectures will let you capture ideas more quickly so you can focus more on what your professor is saying. And if you use an online mind mapping tool, you can even add images and links to your mind map to give your notes more context. 3. Use mind mapping to brainstorm ideas for papers and projects One of the benefits of mind mapping is that it makes you more creative, which makes it a great brainstorming exercise for coming up with ideas for projects or papers. Sit down somewhere quiet, start your mind map with a center bubble, and start adding your ideas as they pop into your mind. Don’t criticize any ideas at this point; the goal is just to capture as many ideas as possible. And if you’re struggling to come up with ideas, just create empty bubbles. Your brain doesn’t like unfinished work and will work harder to fill in the blanks. If you need to come up with ideas for a group project, consider mind mapping together in real-time using MindMeister. You can each sit at your computers and add ideas to the map at the same time, making sure everyone gets to contribute and you collect as many ideas as possible. 4. Create a mind map to outline your papers and essays When you’re finished brainstorming and are ready to start writing your paper, create another mind map to capture your ideas, research, and notes. Not only is this a great way to keep everything you need to write your paper together in one place, but a 2009 study also found that students who create mind maps before writing papers produce better results. Create a mind map, and your grades will thank you for it. Take notes from the books and other materials you read in a mind map, and always write down your source in the notes section so you can quickly find it again if you have to. The map format lets you structure your findings and provides you with a good outline to use when it’s time to start writing. Related: Mind Maps for Essay Writing (Guide + Examples) 5. Use mind maps instead of slideshows for class presentations Leave everyone else to their PowerPoint presentations. If you use a mind map when you have to present in class, you’ll impress the other students and your professor with your originality. Mind maps are just as good as slideshows at reminding you what you want to talk about and when, but they’re far better at keeping the attention on what you’re saying. Unlike text-heavy slides, mind maps contain only small amounts of information, so people have to listen rather than read to follow what you’re presenting. MindMeister offers a presentation mode that makes it easy to present your mind maps in class. Check out our article on how to create effective presentations with mind maps to learn more or watch this video showing how it works: 6. Study better by replacing notes and notecards with mind maps Because of the visual nature of mind maps, they make it easier to remember information than text-only study methods like reviewing your paper notes or using notecards. And if you’ve followed all of the tips above, you’ve already taken notes in mind maps, so studying should be a piece of cake. Unlike everyone else, you won’t have three books, two articles, 60 pages of scattered notes, and your professor’s slideshows to review. All you need to do is create a new mind map that combines the most important details from the other mind maps you created. Once your studying mind map is complete, use these tips to memorize what you need to know: Print out your mind maps and hang them up in your dorm above your desk or on your bathroom door. Even a quick glance every once in a while will help you memorize the map and its contents. Try to memorize the structure of the map and then redraw it on a piece of paper to test yourself. If you have trouble remembering a specific piece of information during the exam, this helps you to mentally retrace the map’s structure until you can recall the information you’re looking for. If you’re using MindMeister, you can to quickly open and close branches to quiz yourself in the same way you would using notecards. The Best Mind Mapping Tool for College Students MindMeister is an online mind-mapping tool that lets you create mind maps quickly and easily. With our free-forever plan, you can create and store up to three mind maps in your account. And if you decide that you need far more than just three mind maps, you can take advantage of our student discount and create/save unlimited mind maps for only $2.50 per month. Using a mind mapping tool like MindMeister offers a lot of benefits: You can create mind maps quickly and easily on any device, and you never have to worry about running out of room like you do when creating mind maps on paper. You can add images and links to your mind maps, change the color and shape of your branches and bubbles, and even adjust the background behind your mind map to make your mind maps both highly functional and appealing to look at. Multiple people can build mind maps in MindMeister at the same time, making it easy to mind map with others for group projects and other collaborative assignments. You can use MindMeister’s presentation mode to create unique and engaging presentations to use in class. You can turn branches of your mind map on and off, which is helpful when it’s time to study for an exam. You can organize all of your mind maps into folders and use our search feature to quickly find specific mind maps and information you’re looking for. Mind Mapping in College Can Help You in Your Career, Too College is all about getting you prepared to go out into the world and land a great career, and mind mapping in college helps with that, too. In a 2017 survey of business professionals who use mind maps, people said that mind mapping at works helps them manage projects better, communicate more clearly, stay organized, make better decisions, and manage information overload. And people who are experts at mind mapping see these benefits in even greater amounts than beginners. So if you use your time in college to become an expert in mind mapping, you’ll not only get the benefits of the technique while you’re in college, you’ll also enjoy those same benefits when it’s time to use the skills you’ve developed in your career. Originally published in September 2014, this post has been updated with some new information on the benefits of mind mapping for college students and some new mind map examples. Become a Mind Mapping Expert

Mind Mapping in College Tips, Tools, and Examples

Mind Mapping in College Tips, Tools, and Examples The amount of content you’re presented with in college can be quite overwhelming, which is why many college students realize that the note-taking and learning systems they used during high schoolâ€"if they had systems at allâ€"are ineffective in college. Mind mapping in college can make the transition much less overwhelming. In this article, we’re going to: show you how mind mapping can help you learn, study, and stay organized provide some mind mapping examples that you can use for inspiration introduce you to MindMeister, a free online mind mapping tool The Benefits of Mind Mapping in College Research has shown that mind mapping has a lot of benefits that apply to college students. Mind mapping helps you tie new knowledge in with knowledge you already have. This makes the technique helpful when you’re trying to understand complicated subjects and when you need to memorize information for an exam. Mind mapping also improves your writing, productivity, and creativity. Since you’ll inevitably be writing a lot of papers, becoming a better, more creative, and faster writer will help you in nearly every class you take as a college student. So how can you take advantage of these benefits? Let’s look at some examples. 6 Mind Mapping Examples for College Students If you’re looking for some ideas for how you can use mind mapping to get organized, study more effectively, understand difficult concepts, or become a better writer, consider these six mind mapping examples for college students. 1. Get familiar with class expectations by creating a syllabus mind map At the beginning of each class you take in college, your professor will hand you a multi-page syllabus that contains many important pieces of information like: assignments you’ll be expected to complete the grading system the professor will use information about essays and exams the topics you’ll cover in the course links to online resources or reading materials By the end of your first week of school, you’ll have multiple syllabi from multiple instructors, each containing key details about your classes that you will be wholly responsible for keeping up with over the course of the semester. Building a mind map for each of your syllabi is a great way to parse the information, remember what you’re responsible for all semester long, and get the details into a format that’s easier to skim for important information than multiple pages of text: Want to use the example above as a template for your syllabus mind map? Just sign up for a free MindMeister account, then make a copy of the template. 2. Use mind mapping for college-level note-taking Research has shown that activities like highlighting text in articles/books and taking notes during a lecture are less effective ways to learn because they don’t inspire meaningful engagement. If you’re not meaningfully engaged with what you’re learning, you’ll be less likely to learn and less likely to remember what you did learn. Mind mappingâ€"on the other handâ€"does meaningfully engage you because it forces you to make connections and think through what you’re learning as you build your mind map. For this reason, it’s a far superior way to take notes when reading or listening to a lecture. When reading books or articles for class, mind mapping your notes instead of just highlighting will improve your reading comprehension and make it easier to find important notes later. And using mind maps to take notes during class lectures will let you capture ideas more quickly so you can focus more on what your professor is saying. And if you use an online mind mapping tool, you can even add images and links to your mind map to give your notes more context. 3. Use mind mapping to brainstorm ideas for papers and projects One of the benefits of mind mapping is that it makes you more creative, which makes it a great brainstorming exercise for coming up with ideas for projects or papers. Sit down somewhere quiet, start your mind map with a center bubble, and start adding your ideas as they pop into your mind. Don’t criticize any ideas at this point; the goal is just to capture as many ideas as possible. And if you’re struggling to come up with ideas, just create empty bubbles. Your brain doesn’t like unfinished work and will work harder to fill in the blanks. If you need to come up with ideas for a group project, consider mind mapping together in real-time using MindMeister. You can each sit at your computers and add ideas to the map at the same time, making sure everyone gets to contribute and you collect as many ideas as possible. 4. Create a mind map to outline your papers and essays When you’re finished brainstorming and are ready to start writing your paper, create another mind map to capture your ideas, research, and notes. Not only is this a great way to keep everything you need to write your paper together in one place, but a 2009 study also found that students who create mind maps before writing papers produce better results. Create a mind map, and your grades will thank you for it. Take notes from the books and other materials you read in a mind map, and always write down your source in the notes section so you can quickly find it again if you have to. The map format lets you structure your findings and provides you with a good outline to use when it’s time to start writing. Related: Mind Maps for Essay Writing (Guide + Examples) 5. Use mind maps instead of slideshows for class presentations Leave everyone else to their PowerPoint presentations. If you use a mind map when you have to present in class, you’ll impress the other students and your professor with your originality. Mind maps are just as good as slideshows at reminding you what you want to talk about and when, but they’re far better at keeping the attention on what you’re saying. Unlike text-heavy slides, mind maps contain only small amounts of information, so people have to listen rather than read to follow what you’re presenting. MindMeister offers a presentation mode that makes it easy to present your mind maps in class. Check out our article on how to create effective presentations with mind maps to learn more or watch this video showing how it works: 6. Study better by replacing notes and notecards with mind maps Because of the visual nature of mind maps, they make it easier to remember information than text-only study methods like reviewing your paper notes or using notecards. And if you’ve followed all of the tips above, you’ve already taken notes in mind maps, so studying should be a piece of cake. Unlike everyone else, you won’t have three books, two articles, 60 pages of scattered notes, and your professor’s slideshows to review. All you need to do is create a new mind map that combines the most important details from the other mind maps you created. Once your studying mind map is complete, use these tips to memorize what you need to know: Print out your mind maps and hang them up in your dorm above your desk or on your bathroom door. Even a quick glance every once in a while will help you memorize the map and its contents. Try to memorize the structure of the map and then redraw it on a piece of paper to test yourself. If you have trouble remembering a specific piece of information during the exam, this helps you to mentally retrace the map’s structure until you can recall the information you’re looking for. If you’re using MindMeister, you can to quickly open and close branches to quiz yourself in the same way you would using notecards. The Best Mind Mapping Tool for College Students MindMeister is an online mind-mapping tool that lets you create mind maps quickly and easily. With our free-forever plan, you can create and store up to three mind maps in your account. And if you decide that you need far more than just three mind maps, you can take advantage of our student discount and create/save unlimited mind maps for only $2.50 per month. Using a mind mapping tool like MindMeister offers a lot of benefits: You can create mind maps quickly and easily on any device, and you never have to worry about running out of room like you do when creating mind maps on paper. You can add images and links to your mind maps, change the color and shape of your branches and bubbles, and even adjust the background behind your mind map to make your mind maps both highly functional and appealing to look at. Multiple people can build mind maps in MindMeister at the same time, making it easy to mind map with others for group projects and other collaborative assignments. You can use MindMeister’s presentation mode to create unique and engaging presentations to use in class. You can turn branches of your mind map on and off, which is helpful when it’s time to study for an exam. You can organize all of your mind maps into folders and use our search feature to quickly find specific mind maps and information you’re looking for. Mind Mapping in College Can Help You in Your Career, Too College is all about getting you prepared to go out into the world and land a great career, and mind mapping in college helps with that, too. In a 2017 survey of business professionals who use mind maps, people said that mind mapping at works helps them manage projects better, communicate more clearly, stay organized, make better decisions, and manage information overload. And people who are experts at mind mapping see these benefits in even greater amounts than beginners. So if you use your time in college to become an expert in mind mapping, you’ll not only get the benefits of the technique while you’re in college, you’ll also enjoy those same benefits when it’s time to use the skills you’ve developed in your career. Originally published in September 2014, this post has been updated with some new information on the benefits of mind mapping for college students and some new mind map examples. Become a Mind Mapping Expert

International Human Resource Management The Global...

International Human Resource Management (IHRM) is about the global management of human assets (e.g. Adler and Ghadar 1990; Brewster 2002). The motivation behind IHRM is to empower the firm, the Multinational Enterprise (MNE), to be globally prosperous. This necessitates being competitive globally, efficient, locally reactive, versatile and responsive within a moment’s notice, and proficiency in exchanging information and knowledge over extensively scattered units. These necessities are momentous, and the extent of the reality is undeniable: for instance, a significant number of companies worldwide are under perpetual competition from competitors (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1998). On the other hand, the majority of the developing markets are†¦show more content†¦It has been perceived that differences in the program exist as discussed in the numerous HRM conventions, in an attempt to comprehend the various meanings of what constitutes international HRM. 2.0 Difference in Approach The significant distinction between personnel management versus human resource management is that while personnel management is the customary methodology comparatively human resource management uses a contemporary approach in dealing with people within an organisation. Personnel management is a dominantly managerial record-keeping function that intends to secure and preserve impartial terms and conditions of the occupation. Human resource management coordinates the conventional personnel management functions to corporate objectives and strategies, and performs additional individuals focused formative activities. The personal management approach has a tendency to append much significance to standards, traditions and established practices; moreover the human resource methodology offers significance to values and mission. The personal management approach revolves around forging standards, arrangements, policies, contracts, and strives to uphold compliance to such regulations, with watchful depiction of a written contract. The human resource methodology stays fretful with the tenets and regulations. HR managers have a

Essay on The Perception of Jonas in Lois Lowrys The Giver

Set in a community with no climate, emotions, choices, or memories Lois Lowry tells the tale of Jonas in The Giver. Jonas is selected to be the receiver of memory, which means the memories of generations past, before the community was created, will all be transferred to him to hold. As Jonas receives memories his concept of the world around him drastically changes. Jonas starts out as twelve-year-old boy with perceptions different from those around him, he then begins to see the community for what it really is, and he makes a plan to change it. Even as a child Jonas was unusually perceptive, this is characterized through his pale eyes which appear deeper than the other children’s dark eyes. While he gets along well with his†¦show more content†¦Jonas feels the warmth of the sun, the joy of sledding, and love of a family. He also begins to see color and soon the color transfers over from the memories to his everyday vision. Jonas, already a curious boy, wonders why t he elders would want to take away such wonderful experiences. He thinks everybody should experience these extraordinary emotions and senses. Jonas’ passion soon overwhelms his actions. He tries to allow the people close to him to see and feel what he does. He asks his parents if they love him but they say love is a meaningless word, that instead they enjoy him. Jonas also tries to discuss things with his friends, only they do not understand the things he says. Jonas does find someone to share his memories with though, Gabriel. He helps Gabriel sleep by transmitting peaceful memories to him. Jonas begins to receive painful memories from the giver and he finally understands why the community would want to avoid such painful experiences. If people had these memories it would create choices, which can lead to many mistakes (Lowry 98). People could choose the wrong mate, the wrong job, and people could get angry which can lead to war. The elders, from a time long ago, did not want to worry about incidences like those happening; therefore they created a community with no memories or choices. So they gave all of their collective memories to a receiver of memory. Jonas, after a year of trainingShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Utopian Societies885 Words   |  4 Pagescreated, the number one goal of its citizens has been to create the â€Å"perfect† society. To a majority of people in the novels Brave New World (c.1932) by Aldous Huxley and The Giver (c.1993) by Lois Lowry, a utopia and â€Å"perfect† society has been accomplished. But at a second glance, the world that Huxley creates and Lowry’s community are actually totalitarian dystopias with many secrets. The similarities of both novels are evident and some readers may make the conclusion that Lowry simply wrote aRead MoreSummary Of The Giver Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesLord, Elyse. Overview of The Giver. Novels for Students. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. 27 Mar. 2016. Elyse Lord is one of the many critics who describe â€Å"The Giver† as terrifying but offering â€Å"hope and a constructive view† of the Utopian world in the book. She explains that other critics praise the book with many awards such as the Newberry Medal. Lord goes on to reason that the story is favored by different readers for its complexity, symbolism, metaphors, ambiguous endingRead MoreThe Giver Rhetorical Analysis Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesBecky  Wright   9 ­30 ­14   English   P3rd   Author,  Lois  Lowry,  in  her  novel  The  Giver  she  describes  a  community  that  has  convert   to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"sameness†Ã‚  and  that  has  also  eliminated  pain.  Lowry’s  purpose  was  to  indicate  the  value  of   the  relationship  between  pain  and  pleasureÍ ¾Ã‚  also  how  important  memories  are.  She  creates  a   rebellious  tone  in  order  to  recommend  to  her  readers  of  the  idea  of,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If  you  feel  something  is   terribly  wrong,  go  beyond  to  fix  it.†Ã‚   Lowry  moves  to  her  novel  by  acknowledging  the  fact  that  the  Elders  (the  government)  Read MoreAllegory Of The Giver By Lois Lowry1436 Words   |  6 Pagesweeks of class we’ve gone through the ideas of many different thinkers and philosophers. Upon further reflection, I would like to touch base more on the Plato’s themes from the Republic, Book X and The Allegory of The Cave in relation to the Lois Lowry’s The Giver. What I would like to be kept in mind while making our comparison, is my previous commentary on the Allegory of the Cave from prior class discussions on Plato, The Allegory of the Cave shows us to not just stare at the known shadows

The Essay Question for Grad School Application Samples Game

The Essay Question for Grad School Application Samples Game At times it may be required alongside other writing samples. Since you may see, the format of the graduate school application essay is quite similar to other sorts of essays. Because you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the very best information about you, you have to do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to attain its purposes. By way of example, a why us essay might chat about how very interesting XYZ interdisciplinary project is and the way it fits nicely with your senior project. The personal statement isn't a confessional booth. Highlight the things you need to have in your essay, summarize your private story and incorporate your qualifications. You wish to utilize your essay for a tool to demonstrate why you need to go to their school, versus simply stating why you would like to go there. There are several ways to get ready for the graduate school essay writing. Writing an awesome graduate school essay is most likely a lot more straightforward than you may think. As soon as you get a rough draft of your admissions essay, bear in mind that it's a rough draft. In the event the college provided question prompts for you to select from when writing the essay, make sure that you answer or tackle all prompts appropriately. Don't cut and paste the exact same essay for every single school. Facts, Fiction and Essay Question for Grad School Application Samples Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the probability of admission. It is very important to capture the interest of the admission tutors irrespective of how strict they may appear to be. Standardized test scores are only numbers. Allow the committee know that you're passionate about caring for others. A grad school interview thank you letter is an excellent method to convey your appreciation for an individual's will ingness to devote time letting you accomplish a personal or professional aim. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting a great grade. Based on how well you communicate, I may be in a position to realize your passion for nursing and your future, too. You might find out that what you believe you want as a nursing career, isn't really what you desire! Undoubtedly, the admissions essay has become the most challenging portion of the graduate school application. Writing an excellent nursing school essay is extremely important to getting your application considered and accepted. Know that your pick of person is not as important than what you say about them. After all, the objective is to introduce the reader to the remainder of your content and the point you're attempting to make with this. What's more, the essays that follow are most likely to supply comfort, that there's no formula or singular approach to craft a prosperous answer. On the f lip side, a terrific essay or private statement will allow you to stand out and boost your opportunity of getting admitted, even if other components of your application aren't stellar. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will not have the ability to submit their sample essay for MBA application punctually. Doing this, nevertheless, is hard. A History of Essay Question for Grad School Application Samples Refuted Colleges are interested in finding a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. Many programs simply request that you submit a personal statement with no more guidance. Being aware of what to expect after you graduate can help you choose which program to apply for and permit you to target your statement or essay in a manner that will present your commitment.

ITC Project Management (Agile Methodology) †Free Sample

Question: Describe about the ITC Project Management (Agile Methodology). Answer: Agile Methodology In the year 2011, by 17 people the core of the Agile methodology was developed. This Agile methodology was expressed under four main values which are as below: While following the plan there has to be responding to change. With the contract negotiation along with customer collaboration. Over the comprehensive document, we are having working software. Interactions and individuals over tools and processes. (Collier, 2011) Role of Agile Methodology in relation to Project Management This role of the project manager is due to the basis for the authority of managers in the project team stems from the set of the values that will get antithetic for those that are espoused by the methodology of Agile. (Larman, 2004) The structure of the Agile team will seem to get confirmed the notion that the role of the project manager will be very obsolete. Difference between Waterfall Methodology and Agile Methodology Methodology Waterfall Agile Definition This methodology is based on the sequential design process. With this, the project will go to the next step once the previous step completed. There is no chance by which we can go to the previous step and make any changes. For reaching the previous step, the developer has to start the project from the starting. This methodology will follow an incremental approach. With this, developers can start off with the project design that is simplistic and then can start working on the small modules. Once the current step completed project will take the customer feedback. (Fitzgerald, 2013) Advantages It will stress the meticulous for record keeping. It will allow the ability for improving the existing project in future. In the starting, it was getting the full idea of the timeline, cost, and size of the project. The strong documentation of the waterfall permits for the impact on the project that is minimal. With the help of this methodology, developers can add new features and make any changes needed in previous steps also. Changes can be incorporated once the initial planning was finalized and the program can be re-written. The priorities of the project would get evaluated after each sprint. Disadvantages The developer can't go back to the previous step and make necessary changes. This methodology will totally rely on the requirements gathered initially. If requirement got changed or changes required, then the project has to start from the initial. Testing can be done at the end only. Through testing, the delay in the temptation was very high. There is a need of the client's involvement and if changes need, then it will impact the budget. (Moran, 2014) With having less successful of the project manager, there are a series of the code sprints in the product. Due to this, the project will deliver late and this project will be over budget also. The start of the project didn't have the definitive plan, thus the product that was delivered finally can be different from the one committed in the starting. When to use This methodology is used when there is the clear picture of the final product of the project. In this, the client does not have any option to modify the scope of the product. This methodology is used when the product which was created will be used for an industry and the standards are changing rapidly. When there are developers who are skilled are able to think and adapt independently. This should be used when the final picture of the product is not clear. (Kurian, 2006) Agile Methodology related to project life cycle This Agile methodology uses an adaptive approach when there will be no detailed planning and on future tasks, there is clarity only in the respect what is the features required for developing. This is developed based on feature driven and the project team will adapt the product modification dynamically. The frequently product will get tested, with the help of release iterations. The backbone is customer interaction for Agile methodology. The teams will work in very close collaboration with each of the project. (Waters, 2011) References Collier, Ken W., 2011,Agile Analytics: A Value-Driven Approach to Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing. Pearson Education. pp.121 Larman, Craig, 2004,Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide. Addison-Wesley. p.27 Fitzgerald, B.; Stol, K.-J.; O'Sullivan, R.; O'Brien, D., 2013,"Scaling agile methods to regulated environments: An industry case study".2013 35th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE): 863872. Waters, Kelly, 2011, "Agile Project Management Extending PMBOK" Moran, A., 2014,Agile Risk Management. Springer Verlag.ISBN3319050079 Kurian, Tisni, 2006, Agility Metrics: A Quantitative Fuzzy Based Approach for Measuring Agility of a Software Process,ISAM-Proceedings of International Conference on Agile Manufacturing'06(ICAM-2006)

The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture

The development of photography in the mid-nineteenth century marked a definitive transformation in visual representation. It also became a sign of the beginning of the shift toward the visual culture that we know in the 21st century. The advent of photography as an accessible art form and the rise of the amateur photographer represented the main drivers of these developments.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following essay delves into the history of photography as it developed simultaneously in the United States and Europe, and places special emphasis on the history and theory of nineteenth century photography as it developed during the Victorian era. Photography gained an avid following in the Victorian culture and in many ways facilitated the intersection between Victorian literature and photography, particularly in the works of popular children’s authors such as Lewis Carroll and J.M. Barrie, and revolutionized the representations of children and the province of childhood in popular Victorian literature such as Alice in Wonderland. The intersection between the visual and verbal cultures in the 18th century and 19th centuries represents another area wherein photography united the intricate inter-relationships between visual images and texts. Nineteenth century photography with reference to both the figure of the child and the photographs and photographic practices of Victorian women also exerted a significant impact, as evidenced by the works of such early photographers Julia Margaret Cameron. This essay intends to place both historical and cultural emphasis on these elements and illuminate some of the supernatural elements that photography brought to bear on popular images, particularly those created during the Spiritualist movement of the mid-nineteenth century. This essay will also investigate the photographic technique of combination printing and its impact on the art form. As Yacavone observes, â€Å"it is the double function of the photograph as both evidence of the real and, at the same time, a starting point for a flight of imagination on the part of its beholder, that foregrounds an engagement with literature† (97).Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the novel presence of the camera in nineteenth century culture transformed the act of looking and affected all major social, aesthetic and philosophical categories at the time. This impact of this transformation can still be felt today in the dominance of photography in news reporting as well as the role of digital photography in visual representation and the visual culture of the Internet and social media. Photography usurped the p ictorial representation of painting at the time, particularly in the realm of portraiture, and revolutionized the relationship that individuals possessed not only with their own images and ways of seeing, but also the relationship with time itself. As Walter Benjamin observed in his seminal 1936 piece The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, â€Å"lithography enabled graphic art to illustrate everyday life, and it began to keep pace with printing. But only a few decades after its invention, lithography was surpassed by photography. For the first time in the process of pictorial reproduction, photography freed the hand of the most important artistic functions which henceforth devolved only upon the eye looking into a lens. Since the eye perceives more swiftly than the hand can draw, the process of pictorial reproduction was accelerated so enormously that it could keep pace with speech† (Benjamin n.p.). The essay concludes with a showcasing of a number of nineteen th century photographs that illustrate the wide range of uses, particularly in the realm of portraiture, that photographers of the nineteenth century employed the photographic technology of the time to document. This section analyzes work from Robert Cornelius, Roger Fenton, Alexander Gardner, and Lewis Carroll to highlight the multiple uses of photography as a literary device as well as a means of documenting historical events such as wars. Pictorialism Pictorialism was a name given to a style of photography practiced largely from the mid-nineteenth century through until the outbreak of the Second World War; its popularity spans the years between 1860 and 1940 (Batchen 764; Hermange 5; Patty 32).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Photographs created in the pictorialist style are characterized by an obvious narrative approach to their subject matter; pictorialist photographs therefore appear staged and contain heavy application of genre, mood, soft-focus lighting, and impressionist imagery. Pictorialism was favoured by a number of nineteenth century artistic movements, including the New York based photography group the Linked Ring and Photo Secessionists (Batchen 764; Patty 32). Pictorialism is best described as a transitional phase between painting and photography. The pictorialist photographers were essentially thinking like painters, and despite the fact that they advocated the process of photography as a mode of fine art more so than a scientific advance, the photographs created by proponents of the pictorialist movement more closely resembled painting styles and while the goal of the pictorialists was to legitimize photography as art in its own right, the pictorialists nonetheless attempted to match photography to the existing genres of painti ng. Thus, the early art works of the pictorialists tended to mimic the styles and genres recognizable from painting. In the 1850s, art photographers such as Rejlander and Robinson encouraged the creation of stage-managed images that the photographers had handcrafted into photographic images to resemble the mood and framing of painting (Lewis 11). Robinson maintained that a successful art photograph exhibited as much handcraft and finesse as any other popular art medium, such as painting and sculpture. Photographers such as Henry Peach Robinson and Oscar Gustav Rejlander used multiple exposures, and developed combination printing, in addition to the staging of their photographic subjects (Scott 35). In the 1858 photograph Fading Away for example, the photographer Henry Peach Robinson photographed the scene using a total of six separate negatives.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each negative was individually printed and cut out, after which Robinson attached the negative to a solitary background. In the next phase, Robinson reconfigured the joinery and then photographed the collage a second time. The goal of this process was produce a seamless print and guaranteed Robinson’s position as one of the most well known and well used photographers of the era. Pictorialists such as Rejlander and Robinson eventually lost favour to later photographers such as Peter Henry Emerson, who was determined to develop naturalism in photography. Emerson felt that art photography needed to use the new medium to capture reality, and he strongly promoted the use of realistic photography without artifice or manipulation of any kind. Thus Emerson’s work used real individuals and avoided the use of actors. Emerson also used soft focus, advocated the idea of the photographic salon, and promoted the use of modern photographic processes at the time, including photogravur e and platinum (Lewis 14). Henry Peach Robinson, Fading Away, 1858. By the end of nineteenth century, advances in photography led to the replacement of the Wet Plate with the Dry Plate Process. Soon after, the amateur photographer began to come to the fore of the art world. The dry plate process offered the main advantage of being pre-packaged; thus, amateur photographers found it much easier to take photos without the need for cumbersome equipment. Kodak also developed a hand held camera in 1888; this first portable camera was coined the Kodak #1 (Lewis 14). The Portrait The appeal of photography historically has always been in its ability to depict reality, seemingly without the influence of humans (Batchen 764; Lewis 11). As Scott explains, the scientific element of photography makes it simultaneously an art form and a representative science. â€Å"Photography is about capturing light reflected off objects. It is, therefore, not a branch of drawing, nor even of art: it is a mak ing manifest of the physics of the world and tells us about the creation of volumes and appearances. The miracle of photography lies not in its iconicity, but in its indexicality† (Scott 35). In the nineteenth century, photography revolutionized the portrait, as it created the illusion of authenticity. As Scott explains, â€Å"what is wanted in portraiture is the portrait, and nothing more; no obvious intrusion, that is, of the personality of the producer; a true portrait, of course, an evocation, true to the spiritual and mental as well as to the physical. And in that lies the potentiality, the individuality of the photographer; that he can arrange a lighting, choose a pose, elicit an expression, which shall say the whole truth of the sitter, inside and out† (37). Photography allowed the image to stand alone without the obvious input of the human hand or eye, as was the norm in portraiture created by the medium of painting. For the first time in history, the true human face, unadulterated by artifice or manipulated by colour or texture, became available to the human eye. The true human face suggested â€Å"a type of reading and literary interpretation†¦that is crucially informed by photographic material that invites a factual and biographical approach owing to the photograph’s indexical nature as the real past captured and preserved† (Yacavone 99). The supremacy of the portrait began with the daguerreotype, a method of photography developed by Louis-Jacques-Mandà © Daguerre, a French inventor, and unveiled publicly in France at the August 19, 1839 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris invented the daguerreotype process in France (Aldred 305; Patty 32; Scott 35). Even today, the daguerreotype is considered the quintessential example of the true likeness of a person. As Aldred explains, the daguerreotype â€Å"epitomizes the uniqueness of the photographic image†¦the daguerreotype has no negative to be transfor med into a positive photographic image†¦which is therefore capable of being-and has been-manipulated. Daguerrotypes are literally the authentic trace of the individual whose physical existence is embedded within the metallic image† (Aldred 305). Photographers on both sides of the Atlantic capitalized on this new French invention. The main appeal of the daguerreotype was that it could produce a likeness never before seen, the ultimate â€Å"truthful likeness†¦[which spawned] theoretical reflections on the photographic image as a framing and freezing of the real† (Yacavone 101). The daguerreotype style of photography represents a direct-positive process. The daguerreotype creates an extremely detailed image on a sheet of copper plate and applies a thin coating of silver; the daguerreotype does not use a negative. Robert Cornelius One of the lesser known photographers of the nineteenth century was not actually a photographer, but rather a chemist who stumbled int o photography in its early days and is now credited with taking the first photo of a human being, a self portrait, dated 1839 (Patty 32). Robert Cornelius, Self Portrait, 1839. Robert Cornelius was born in Philadelphia and lived there from 1809 to 1893 (Patty 32). His livelihood was that of a chemist and a metallurgist. In 1839 he was commissioned to create a silver plate for a photographer to work on a daguerreotype, and this led to his interest in photography. The city of Philadelphia made several other significant contributions to the art of photography, as Patty explains, including â€Å"Dr. Paul Beck Goddard of Philadelphia was the first person in the world to obtain an instantaneous picture by heliography, December 1839†¦ William G. Mason of Philadelphia obtained the first perfect picture in the camera by the aid of artificial light, December 1839†¦the first portrait studio in America, or more strictly in the world, was opened in Philadelphia, February 1840, by Rob ert Cornelius, at the northeast corner of Eighth Street and Lodge Alley† (32). â€Å"The majority of photographs assembled by Barthes [do not] correspond in any powerful or interesting way with the mental image evoked by the literary depiction of a character† (Yacavone 101). However, Robert Cornelius continued to experiment with the daguerreotype process and made several advances to the effect that he could take professional style photographs of human beings and render them full of character, a gift that would eventually inspire a generation of photographers after him. At that point in history, human photography was largely unknown. Robert Cornelius opened two successful daguerreotype shops in Philadelphia in the late 1830s, which he operated until 1843 (Patty 32). After that time, Robert Cornelius appears to have lost interest in the photography venture and returned to work at his father’s lighting and gas company. As Patty explains, â€Å"Cornelius was a scien tist and a businessman, not an artist† (32). Other valuable contributions made to the art of photography by Philadelphians include â€Å"the first heliograph ever entered for exhibition was one by Dr. Joseph E. Parker at the tenth exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held in October 1840†¦the first photo-mechanical reproduction for use with printer’s ink, which combined in its production the daguerreotype, electrotype and a mechanical process†¦[and] the first successful attempts at interior photography were made by Dr. Paul Beck Goddard, January 1840, at the Academy of Natural Sciences at the southeast corner of Twelfth and Sansom Streets. The originals are still in existence† (Patty 32). Robert Cornelius, Martin Hans Boye, 1841. Roland Barthes explained that â€Å"the photograph is literally an emanation of the referent† (44). Robert Cornelius’ photographs, though created by a non-artist, nonetheless contain a uniqueness of pose and exp ression rarely found in other nineteenth century photographs, as evidenced by the portrait of Martin Hans Boye, dated 1841. The relaxed expression and natural position of the subject’s body countered the stiffness and formality of most other nineteenth century portraits. â€Å"As an emanation, the photographic object therefore retains a tangible trace of the photographic subject. Thus, the photographic record of the past is unique amongst those of all other media because it is founded on a chemical process that makes it possible to recover and print directly the luminous rays emitted by a variously lighted object† (Patty 38). It is this private, personal connection between the photographic and the photographic subject that separated photography from all other art forms. Robert Cornelius appears to have discovered a unique style, one that inspired a generation of photographers after him, despite the fact that he eventually gave it up and moved on. As Patty explains, Rob ert Cornelius’ genius lay in how he posed his subjects, particularly in the self portrait for which he is so well known. â€Å"Even Cornelius’ improved daguerreotype process required that the subject sit perfectly still for several minutes, so it is particularly interesting that he chose such an active pose†¦the charm of the 1839 portrait lies in its modernity: he stands with an informality and lack of pose that it is shocking to see in pre-1900 photograph. [Critics have become] inured to the idea of the stiffly posed Civil War and post-Civil War photographs, but Cornelius’ portraits are full of personality. That’s also hard to reconcile with the era† (Patty 38). Robert Cornelius. Street Scene of Eighth and Market Streets, Philadelphia,  Sixth-plate daguerreotype, May 1840. Roger Fenton Roger Fenton could well be the world’s first war correspondent. Improvements to Daguerre’s process in Fenton’s day, including the use o f bromine as an accelerator for the process, â€Å"made its universal application possible, and in reality form the basis of the whole photographic structure of today† (Patty 32). These improvements allowed Roger Fenton to become one of the most famous nineteenth century war photographers. Born in England, Roger Fenton came to the fore as a photographer during the Crimean War between 1853 and 1856. Roger Fenton became well known after the release of the Crimean War photographs that detail enormous barren wastelands populated by soldiers and horses, as well as informal and revealing portraits of generals and officers, as evidenced by the 1855 photograph of Captain Cuninghame. As Yacavone explains, â€Å"the process of viewing the images themselves, evidences the fact that the imaginary is always already active while viewing photographs, inasmuch as they display a high degree of interpretation, association, and addition that cannot be reduced to the photographic image or to th e literary depiction of the photographed person† (Yacavone 102). Such is the case with Roger Fenton’s photograph of Captain Cuninghame. In this photograph, Roger Fenton captures the deep fatigue of war; despite his elaborate costume and military stance, Captain Cuninghame’s weariness is palpable in this photograph, and his scraggly beard and heavy eyelids betray the fact that he has not had access to a razor or sleep in a very long while (Patty 32). There is clear ambiguity between the warrior pose and warrior costume and the man himself. â€Å"This ambiguity regarding the illustrative and documentary capacities of photographic documents has provoked recent critics to explore the provisionality of these images and their radical resonances†¦They manifest the disparity between the catastrophic events of history and the ability of human memory and archival technology to accurately recall them† (Patty 37). Roger Fenton was born in Lancashire in 1819. Thom as Agnew and Sons, a publishing company from London, commissioned Roger Fenton to take photographs of the English army’s activities during the war that took place on the Crimean Peninsula (Patty 32). Roger Fenton was hired by and large to â€Å"sell† the Crimean War to the British public. While Thomas Agnew and Sons held the commercial interest in the results of Roger Fenton’s travels, there was also national interest from the monarchy top improve the image of the war. While the images that Roger Fenton captured on the Crimean Peninsula are arresting, they are â€Å"by no means neutral; rather, they represent a contemporary agenda† (Patty 32). The success of Roger Fenton during the Crimean War can be attributed to the photographers foresight and ability to plan and prepare effectively. The journey to the Crimean Peninsula was a tough one, and many other British photographers had lost everything, even their negatives, through the weather, capsizing at sea, wind damage, or a lack of proper fixation (Patty 32). Roger Renton went to the front in a â€Å"photographic caravan [that] included 5 cameras, 700 glass plates†¦in three formats†¦lab Materials, and a bed. Nineteenth century war photography was not for the feeble. Fenton, who practiced the Wet Collodion process, had to travel in foreign terrain with an entire darkroom set-up and several large, bulky cameras† (Patty 32). Roger Fenton’s hardiness and ability to tell a story with a lens allowed audiences in Britain access to the front in an unprecedented manner. When Roger Fenton left for the Crimean Peninsula, the public opinion regarding the war in Britain was ambivalent; the public knew that some of the English soldiers were dying from starvation and that the living conditions were abysmal. The Queen at the time, Queen Victoria encouraged Roger Fenton to capture â€Å"tasteful views of picturesque scenes,† rather than images of violent skirmishes and bloody war scenes (Patty 32). Roger Fenton, Captain Cuninghame, 42nd Royal Highland Regiment, June 1855. American Civil War Photographs The American Civil War became one of the world’s first heavily documented wars, on account of the development of photography. When war was declared in 1861, an American portrait photographer named Matthew Brady recognized the opportunity to immortalize his work through the act of documenting history (Holzer 44). Literature at that time was extremely pro-war and tended to glorify the pursuit of war as manly, brave, and an act that constituted the duty of free men (Holzer 49) Matthew Brady successfully placed professional photographers in the field of battle, much like the U.S. army imbeds war correspondents in the wars of today. Some of the famous photographers that Brady amassed to work on his war documentation project included Timothy O’ Sullivan, Alexander Gardner, George N. Bernard, and George Cook (Holzer 44). Matthew Brady and th is team of photographers shot over 8,000 negatives (Holzer 44). Most of these negatives now reside in the National Archives as part of the Brady Civil War Collection (Holzer 45). Matthew Brady’s photographers were on the scene at many of the key battles of the American Civil War, including Gettysburg, Antietem, and Petersburg, although many of the photographs depict death scenes and dead bodies more so than battle scenes. Some critics have maintained that the pro war nineteenth century aesthetic precluded the photographers from capturing the horrors of battle more so than the exposure time (Holzer 45). Many critics and historians alike have also claimed that the bulk of Matthew Brady’s Civil War photographs were pictorialist in nature – that is, staged. As Holzer explains â€Å"exposure time still prohibited photographers from successfully capturing warfare. [However] historians have speculated that some of the Brady Civil War pictures were, in fact, staged. Li ke the Gardner photograph pictured above and the O’ Sullivan photograph pictured below, dead bodies were sometimes moved and repositioned in order to capture a more compelling image. Debates about the difference between psychological and physical truth have stirred many Civil War photo enthusiasts† (47). George Houghton George Houghton was a contemporary of Brady and Gardner whose work depicted the mundanity of war – waiting, especially, as evidenced by his most famous portrait of a Berdan’s Sharpshooter named California Joe. The sniper’s real name was Truman Head. In this photograph, California Joe watches for Rebels, in what represents not only Houghton’s most famous picture, but also the tedium that befell many soldiers during the Civil War (Holzer 2012). George Houghton, California Joe, 1861 Alexander Gardner Alexander Gardner is best known as a photographer who worked during the American Civil War to bring the images of battle to the p ublic. His work contains a disturbing contradiction to the literature of the time which tended to glorify the war. In response to what he had seen and read about the Civil War, Alexander Gardner wrote, â€Å"slowly over the misty fields of Gettysburg – as all reluctant to expose their ghastly horrors to the light – came the sunless mourn, after the retreat by Lee’s broken army. Through the shadowy vapors it was, indeed, a harvest of death that was presented†¦ such a picture contains a useful moral: it shows the blank horror and reality of war, in opposition to its pageantry. Here are the dreadful details! Let them aid in preventing such another calamity falling upon the nation!† (Holzer 46). The reality of the war and the unwillingness of the literature of the time to report the war as it was frustrated Gardner so much that in 1866 he published Gardner’s Photographic Sketchbook of The War, and published many of today’s most famous Ameri can Civil War photographs. Alexander Gardner was also one of the first war photographers, and he accompanied many of his photographs with texts that detailed the time and situation that the photograph depicted. Alexander Gardner’s texts and photographs speak to the issue of psychological truth in photographs and contributed significantly to the later visual culture of war correspondents that popularized later wars such as World War II and the Vietnam War. Lewis Carroll Author Lewis Carroll is best known as a children’s author; however, he was also a skilled photographer in his own right. Lewis Carroll especially understood the power of the portrait to infuse a photograph with the essence or soul of an individual. Lewis Carroll’s work also favoured the pictorialist style of portraiture, as evidenced by one of his most famous photographs, The Beggar Maid (Susina 33). As Yacavone explains, â€Å"the photograph is clearly linked to the viewer’s personal life -experience in relation to the depicted person†¦the imaginary is the hinge, as it were, between the photograph and the literary work, or, more specifically, between the real-life person and the character† (101). In Lewis Carroll’s photographs of children, particularly those that include Alice Liddell, we see the relationship between the writer and his muse depicted. In The Beggar Maid, Lewis Carroll’s child muse, Alice Liddell, dresses up in a torn outfit made of rags and poses in her bare feet against a brick wall. One hand rests on her hip and the other she cups in front of her in the classic gesture of a panhandler. The fascinating element of this photograph remains Alice Liddell’s expression; she is at once defiant, feisty, entitled, vulnerable, bored, curious, naughty, and mischievous. Lewis Carroll. The Beggar Maid. 1858. Lewis Carroll’s photography of children fuses an appreciation for the world of children, particularly their imaginati on, with an uncanny ability to capture the air and essence of an individual child, as evidenced particularly in the body of work that Lewis Carroll created using Alice Liddell as a model and muse (Leal 11; Susina 33). In these photographs Lewis Carroll combines the magic of the child’s imaginative world with the scientific accuracy of the photographic portrait. In the nineteenth century, the development of the art of photography transformed not only the ability of portrait artists to capture their subjects; it also facilitated the intersection between Victorian literature and photography, and created some of the most enchanting combinations of literature and photography, particularly in the work of Lewis Carroll. The development of photography in the nineteenth century also began the fundamental shift from painting as the main medium of representation, and facilitated the shift to the visual culture of the late 20th century and 21st century. Works Cited Aldred, Nannette. â₠¬Å"The Portrait in Photography.† The British Journal of Aesthetics 33.3 (1993): 305-306. Print. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida. London: Hill and Wang, 1980. Print. Batchen, Geoffrey. â€Å"Light and Dark: The Daguerreotype And Art History.† The Art Bulletin 86.4 (2004): 764-776. Print. Benjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Marxist Literary Criticism Philosophy Archive. Web. Benjamin, Walter. â€Å"A Short History of Photography†, in Alan Trachtenberg (ed.), Classic Essays on Photography. New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, 1980. Print. Cornelius, Robert. Martin Hans Boye, 1841. Web. Cornelius, Robert. Self Portrait, 1839. Web. Cornelius, Robert. Street Scene of Eighth and Market Streets, Philadelphia, Sixth-plate daguerreotype, May 1840. Web. Hermange, Emmanuel. â€Å"Aspects and Uses Of Ekphrasis In Relation To Photography, 1816-186O.† Journal of European Studies 30.1 (2000): 5. Print. Holzer, Harold. â€Å"War arou nd the Edges.† Civil War Times 51.1 (2012): 44-58. Print. Leal, Amy. â€Å"Lewis Carroll’s Little Girls.† The Chronicle of Higher Education 54.10 (2007):11-15. Print. Lewis, Robert. â€Å"Photographing the California Gold Rush: Robert Lewis looks at the historical evidence contained within the daguerreotypes taken during the 1849 Gold Rush.† History Today 52.3 (2002): 11-23. Print. Patti, Tony. â€Å"The Philadelphia influence.† PSA Journal 61.7 (1995): 32. Print. Scott, Clive. â€Å"Frederick Evans: Photography as Mediation.† Journal of European Studies 30.1 (2000): 35. Print. Susina, Jan. The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children’s Literature. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2010. Print. Yacavone, Kathrin. â€Å"Reading Through Photography: Roland Barthes’s Last Seminar ‘Proust Et La Photographie’.† French Forum 34.1 (2009): 97-112. Print. This term paper on The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture was written and submitted by user Jenn1ferSm1th to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Franciso De Zurbaran Essays - Annunciation In Christian Art

Franciso De Zurbaran Essays - Annunciation In Christian Art Franciso De Zurbaran The Annunciation: A Painting by Francisco de Zurbaran Works of art can best be appreciated when the elements of design, the principles of design, and the iconography of the work are observed and understood. The Annunciation, a painting by the Spanish artist Francisco de Zurbaran, is a work of art that incorporates both the elements and principles of design. The iconography of the painting is of great importance as well as its aesthetic quality. The ability to create a picture of The Annunciation in ones mind is a key factor in understanding the analysis of the work. Francisco de Zurbaran approaches the painting with a naturalistic style. The painting features a room in which a woman like angel is seen at the left kneeling on the ground before the Virgin Mary. The figure of Mary is placed between a chair and a small wooden table draped with a green cloth. Mary disregards an open Bible on the table, as she appears solemn while staring at the floor. Floating above the two main figures in the upper left side of the painting are cherubs resting on a bed of clouds. They happily gaze down at Mary with eyes from Heaven. The Annunciation uses elements of design to create a visually pleasing picture. The visual elements consist of light, color, texture, shape, and line. The use of light is one of the most evident elements in this painting. The source of light is not directly visible in the painting, but appears as a radiant angelic host floating above the two main figures. Light emphasizes the fair skin of the Angel and Mary as they both look down towards a shadowy floor. Light also reflects the open Bible on the table suggesting emphasis on the holiness of Mary. The rest of the room remains eerily dark and dull. Color is used to draw attention to important characters and objects in the painting. The red of Marys shirt emphasizes her place as the main figure. A bright, yellow cloud floating above the room symbolizes the joy of the angelic figures. De Zurbaran uses warm colors in the foreground. The room, used as the background for the scene, is painted in dark colors utilizing different hues of gray and brown. An observer can also obtain a sense of texture in this painting. The Angel appears to have feathery wings, smooth skin, and soft hair. Drapes that hang above Mary have a full and defined feel to them. The green tablecloth on the small table in front of Mary has an implied silky texture. The cloud by the cherubs has a soft, pillow like appearance. The prevalence of texture supports De Zurbaran s use of realism in this painting. Comprehension of the principles of design used in The Annunciation allows a greater appreciation for the painting. The five principles of design include balance, emphasis and focal point, unity and variety, proportion and scale, and rhythm. Balance and emphasis and focal point are the predominant principles used by Francisco de Zurbaran. The painting appears asymmetrically balanced, which means that the two sides of the picture are not exact likenesses but seem to balance due to similar visual weight. The Angel on the left and Mary on the right are similar in size. Both figures face towards the center of the picture but are separated by a raised step that Mary is kneeling on. The reddish pink colored curtain hanging on the right side balances the cloud on the left side. A green scarf worn by the Angel and the green tablecloth also provide similar visual weight. An open door in the background at the center of the room seems to create an invisible line down the center of the painting. De Zurbaran s use of focal point and emphasis is easily identified in this painting. The main focal point is the two figures, the Virgin Mary and the Angel. This emphasis is created through the use of light. The secondary focal point is the angelic figures on the cloud above the Angel and Mary. The brightness of the color yellow brings the observer s attention to them. In general, most objects of light values in The Annunciation have emphasis due to the

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Employment law - Essay Example The emphasis is on the common law tests used to determine employee status. This is a particularly contentious area in the modern labour markets where the lines between the employed and self-employed are increasingly â€Å"blurred†.3 This paper demonstrates that the common law tests developed to determine the employee status is unsatisfactory and why. I. Significance of Determining Employee Status Initially, the courts treated the employee status as one defined around the concept of master and servant. As a result, during the 19th century, the employment relationship was primarily regarded as one of service in which the emphasis was on the servant’s (employee’s) duty to remain loyal and subservient rather than the master’s (employer’s) duty to â€Å"provide continuing employment.†4 In more recent times the word â€Å"worker† continues to gain currency in legislation and regulations suggesting the modernisation of employee status.5 For i nstance, Section 230(3) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 provides that: In this Act ‘worker’ (except in the phrases ‘shop worker’ and ‘betting worker’) means an individual who has entered into or works (or, where the employment has ceased, worked under) – (a) A contract of employment, or (b) Any other contract, whether express or implied and (if it is express) whether oral or in writing, whereby the individual undertakes to do or perform personally any work or services for another party to the contract whose status is not by virtue of the contract that or a client or customer of any profession or business undertaking carried on by the individual.6 In other words, the term worker is used interchangeably with the word employee, reflecting the varying forms of employment that can take place in modern times. For instance the individual who works from home may not be under the kind of control that the workplace employee is, but should not be denied employee status.7 The use of the word worker immediately draws attention to the changing nature of the employee status and carries with it the identification of the significance of the employee in today’s labour market. The employee is no longer a servant, but a source of human capital. In this regard, the common law tests for determining the master servant relationship which necessarily flow from the older notion of master and servant, is no longer compatible with modern notions of the employee/employer relationship. There are essentially four primary reasons justifying a more robust test for determining employee status in more recent times. To begin with, the predominance of the contract of employment as a basis for identifying the employee’s status does not take into account the relative inequality of bargaining power between the employee (the weaker party) and the employer.8 These inequities compromise the extent to which the employee may bargain for and ob tain specific benefits under the contract of employment. The fact is, a self-employed worker will obviously be responsible for its own salary and health and safety at work.9 Secondly, the

Read the attached article and answer the questions Essay

Read the attached article and answer the questions - Essay Example It can be seen that the Gini coefficient of some countries is close to 0.0 while others are more than 0.5. This is because of differences in the income inequality. Countries like South Africa have a high rate of inequality which brings the Gini coefficient to 0.6 while Scandinavian countries like Sweden maintains the Gini coefficient for disposable income at 0.25. Beddoes goes further to show that the economic differences of the countries around the globe are increasing; for example in America, Gini for disposable income has shot up by 30 percent as from 1980. In China, the Gini coefficient it has gone up to 0.42, which shows an increase of nearly 50 percent. Sweden is no exception, since the Gini coefficient for disposable income increased to 0.24. Because of the differences of the economies of the countries, others being poor and others rich, the economic inequality has risen as from the 19th century to the 20th century. The first cause of income inequality is because the countries which were rich economically started intensifying as from the 19th to the 20th century than the poor nations (Beddoes 4). This can be supported further by the sprout of the industries which brought in rural to urban migration. Another cause is the treatment of people in the middle and bottom of the income distribution as compared to those one at the top. The ones at the top were bailed out when they fail to pay their debt while those in the middle and bottom would lose their assets. Furthermore, the tax levied on people of different level causes big inequalities; it is evident that the rich and the poor are taxed at the same rates. In European countries, the income inequality rose because of the industrial revolution, which can be explained by the fact that mill workers’ incomes were high as compared to rural workers (Beddoes 9). On comparing this to America, it is seen that the income difference widened mainly because of education that caused the higher income class to rise higher than the lower income classes. The education factor also has a racial factor, where minorities received lower education levels than majority racial identities. The same education factor is also seen in many other countries like Asian countries. Other factors in the American system include taxes that favored higher income individuals over low income individuals. According to the Beddoes (23), there are three main strategies that would be used to reduce inequality in both developed and developing economies. One of the first reforms needed is to curb cryonism and enhance competition in emerging markets. This can be done by reducing the powers that monopolies have and spreading competition among all markets. Having a freer economy, which can be achieved by freeing monopolistic markets, would go a long way in reducing inequality. This can also be done in advanced countries by removing subsidies from big corporations, which would serve to balance up the economy. The second strateg y proposed by the (Beddoes 23) is to have targeted and progressive social spending, especially in countries with emerging economies. Beddoes suggests that a shift in social spending factors in all economies would reduce inequality. For example, one of the best models is the Latin American one, where countries are encouraged to spend more in education and investment opportunities in talented individuals. The last

Microsoft Versus Apple Compare And Contrast Computer Science Essay

Microsoft Versus Apple Compare And Contrast Computer Science Essay Business strategy is a direction, vision and objectives in terms of projects, in order to configure the total recourses that invest into the projects base on the markets needs and challenging of other competitors. After all, a scorecard will be use to evaluate the overall performance and the next step can be draw out base on the evaluation. The evaluation is about the suitability, feasibility and finally acceptability. Different company may have same or different policies on a same situation depends which way they comfort with. In this paper, Microsoft and Apple business strategy will be compare and contrast. Innovation is a radical or revolutionary change on doing an ordinary thing and makes it think out of the box. The process include from invention to application. Innovation can be value added if the invention is successful since the revenue and the stock market price of certain company will be increase significantly due to the uniqueness of the products. But the innovation also bare the risk of lost, this in because in the RD process, a lot capital been invested and may not produce the return so fast or even not at all if the innovation is failed. This paper include how innovative Apple and Microsoft is and how the technology invented by them help to push the world into the next level. 1.2 Purposes/ Objectives The first objective of this paper is to study about the business strategy between the Microsoft and Apple. The second is to study about the innovation of both company and their contributions to the technology world. As an engineer, one must be able to catch up the technology trends, make their own judgment about the incident and be innovative enough to foresee the future of the technology world. By studying history of companies, one can learn how others success and the lessons from others fails. 1.3 Scope The sample population of our research was 100 students from Multimedia University Cyberjaya. These 100 students were come from different faculty which included students from Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology, Faculty of Management, Faculty of Creative Multimedia and last but not least FOSEE. 1.4 Methods Sources Two methods are used to complete this research. The primary data are collected through the questionnaire and the online researches. A thorough comparison and categorization will be performed in the second phase research. The second phase research result will be used to provide sufficient empirical evidence and to ground truth our findings from the preliminary research. The questionnaire is as per attached in the appendices. 2.0 Literature Review Apple Background Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation which based in Cupertino, California. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak in 1st of April 1976. By Apple to shifted itself from the computer industry to the information technology industry the coverage of business become wider, it includes computers and mobile hardware (desktop and laptop personal computers, servers, iPhone, iPod), software (Mac OS X, iLife, iWork suits) and further to the online services (Mobile me services). For more than 34 years, Apple experienced from the rise to the golden age then fall back to serious lose and climb back to the current worlds leading technology company status. For the Apple community the most important, most powerful person ever is the current CEO which is the co founder Steve Jobs. He founded the company in 1976 and get fired by the CEO that hired by him in 1985, then he back on 1997 after the acquisition of NeXT Computer which is the new company that founded by Steve been layoff by Apple. In 1997 after Steve become the interim CEO of Apple, Michael Dell founder of Dell Computers said that What would I do? I would shut the company down and then give back the money to the shareholders, in front of the crowd of several thousand IT executives.[1] After more than ten years which is now, Apple worth more than 4 times of the Dells market value.[2][3] It is not difficult to spot whether Steve Jobs in Apple campus, just look for the handicapped space in front of the Apple campus entrance. Because it is usually for him to park at there and sometime occupied both handicapped car lot. If describe the Apple as big ship, the Steve will be an erratic and temperamental captain. But this captain is capable to foresee and fulfill what the end users wishes and setting the trend in innovation and style. Moreover, Steve Jobs been award as most valuable CEO by Barrons, The Wall Street Journal and CEO of the Decade by Fortune magazine.[4][5] Microsoft Background Microsoft Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops wide range of software products, gamming hardware products, online services etc. But Microsoft main business and most profitable products are selling the software products such as operating system, office suits. In 1975, Microsoft was founded by two founders which is Bill Gates and Paul Allen, and for now headquarter is locate at Washington. Microsoft was developed and sold the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) interpreters for the Altair 8800 computer when it was founded. Then continue with The AppleSoft Complier (TASC) which compiles the BASIC written program to Apple machine language. By award the contract by IBM to Microsoft for the operating system in IBM upcoming PC, it yields the first real success for Microsoft is by delivering the Disc Operating System (DOS). Then Microsoft continues to release the new operating system which named as Windows operating system that equi pped with the graphical user interface (GUI). From Windows 1.0 to the latest Windows 7 or Windows server 2008, Microsoft rose of small player to the giant in the software industry. Microsoft provides wide range of software to support the hardware products. Before January 2000 the chief operating officer for Microsoft is Bill Gates, but after Bill Gates stepped down and become the non executive chairman, he gradually transfer his duties to Steve Ballmer, an executive that joined Microsoft on 1980. Beside the operating system Microsoft also create the business software, gaming hardware such as XBOX, gamming software such as Flight Simulator 2000 and other popular games for both PC and XBOX. Microsoft also participates in the search engine, BING and provides other online services such as Windows Live. To compete with iPod, Microsoft released their own portable media player named as Zune which offer more choices to consumers. 3.0 Methods, Materials Process 3.1 Participants Our entire research is based on the students from MMU Cyberjaya. The objective of survey is to collect opinion of students in MMU Cyberjaya toward business strategy and innovation of Microsoft and Apple. As such, our main criteria lie on the Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Faculty of Information Technology (FIT), Faculty of Management (FOM), Centre For Foundation Studies and Extension Education (FOSEE) and Faculty of Creative Multimedia (FCM). All of the students from the research sample are chosen randomly regardless of their age and sex. We targeted a research sample of 100 students. 3.2 Materials We started our research by using the questionnaire. The questionnaire fundamentally consists of close ended and open ended questions. Each of the questions is specially designed in correspondence with the objective of the research, which is to determine the image of both the company in students mind. The questionnaire is attached on Appendix A. 3.3 Process There are 5 members in our group. The different tasks on the questionnaire design and distributions have been divided evenly among the group members. Our research samples are the 100 students from every faculty. Our friends from every faculty assist us in distributing the questionnaire. Besides that, we also perform the online survey and send the link through social network such as msn, email or facebook. Every question may require more than one answer, which are the answers that come to their mind. 4.0 Survey Results: Which company does you heard before? In the statistic, it shows that all heard about both companies before. Which product from Microsoft that you have used before? As show in bar chart above, Windows and Office suite dominates the market, as the Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player bundle with the Windows operating system, so both of it also have 100% of usage. Windows Mobile is just for the one who own the smart phone that use Windows Mobile as operating system which as low as 40%. The less among all is Microsoft hardware, which includes keyboard, mouse, webcam etc. Which product you think represents Microsoft the most? Pie chart above shows that when people talk about Microsoft, the image or product that relate to the company is Windows. Which product from Apple that you have used before? Most of the people have used iPod and iPhone before compare to the other Apple products. This is because of the pricy of the Mac computers even the entry level product compare to other others. Which product you think represents Apple the most? Pie chart above shows that when people talk about Apple, the image or product that relate to the company is mostly iPhone and iPod. Which company do you think is more innovative? Peoples think that Apple is more innovative compare to Microsoft maybe due to the image that Apple keep refresh its products line and keep introduce new products. Which company image is more mysterious or secretive? From statistic, Apple image is more secretive compare to Microsoft. This is probably due to Apple wont announce current or ongoing projects compare to Microsoft makes public about what its current ongoing. Which sector do you think Microsoft monopoly? Microsoft monopoly the software market in the PC industry due to its operating system can operate in any hardware combinations. Which sector do you think Apple monopoly? Apple monopoly in digital music sector and mobile sector, many iPod and iPhone can be found easily on the street as the handheld device of many users. Usually where you get the information or news for the products? Compare both of the pie chart above, most of the people get the information of Microsoft from email promotions and social media, but for Apple, Email promotions and social media tactics less likely to be use with. 5.0 Discussions: 5.1 Compare and Contrast of Business Strategies 5.1.1 Secrecy As show in graph above the different between Apple and Microsoft business strategy is its secrecy level. Nowadays the social networking platforms such as blog, facebook, twitter, etc are very famous around the world. There are companies that use these platforms to communicate with their fans, potential customers, costumers, sharing about the new business strategy, new technology, new upcoming products or get the direct respond from the public. Such as Microsoft, there are different official blog for different department, such as IEBlog or Server Team Blog. But there is also the official Microsoft Blog for the executives or employees to deliver the news and the perspective from Microsoft. Besides that, the Microsoft team uses their blog to respond to the current related topics or what happenings in the industrial, such as Microsoft Cooperate Vice President reply the criticism of the former employee by the title Measuring Our Work by Its Broad Impact through the blog. [6] But this kind of the culture is banned in Apple. In Apple, no employees are allowed to share to public any tidbits about what are they currently doing. There are also no official blog for Apple. The only Apple have is their official website to provides the details to the public. Moreover, Apple has been known to spread wrong information to their workers. According to a former employee mention that Philip Schiller, senior vice president for worldwide product marketing, provided incorrect information about a products price or features about new products in internal meetings. By using the incorrect details, Apple then tries to track down the source of leak. For those employee that leak or accidently leak the information, they will be fired. [7] Even Apple employees have no idea what are they currently working at. They just finish the task that assigned. The engineers that deal with the hardware part and the software part are separate in different buildings in order to prevent for them to know what is the whole project was. So for Apple employees they are as surprised as public about the new product launch or products update. Basically Apple secrecy reaches paranoia. A former Apple marketing manager describe as below Employees working on top-secret projects must pass through a maze of security doors, swiping their badges again and again and finally entering a numeric code to reach their offices, according to one former employee who worked in such areas. Work spaces are typically monitored by security cameras, this employee said. Some Apple workers in the most critical product-testing rooms must cover up devices with black cloaks when they are working on them, and turn on a red warning light when devices are unmasked so that everyone knows to be extra-careful. [7] Beside the unannounced new products, this rule also applies for the announced. Such as for new iPad that just launch and will be available in Apple Store on 3rd of April, but even few days before launch, Apple Store employees form concierge to manager havent seen it yet. The most interesting part is the geniuses that in charge of the problems solving and fixing dont know how to solve and fix the potential problems yet.[8] Why secrecy is so important in Apple business strategy? It is because this approach has been critical to success, it will allowing Apple to attack the market share of other companies before for their competitors conscious about it. Usually if Steve found that if there are some breakage or potential products in the sectors, they will find the possibilities to connect it or create it out. Such as iPhone, it takes more than three years for Apple to figuring out how to product it should be, so that was three years ahead of their rivals. So when their rivals try to create some product to fight back, maybe Apple has brought their existing product into another level. This make Apple in lead of the sectors and their rivals keep catching up at behind. Since Apple image is about the secrecy, before any events that held by Apple, there are sure many rumors going on the tech website or media. But there sure will have leaks about the new product information. A former Apple manager describe that these sorts of leaks are handed down from senior Apple executives to the employees to contact major news or website outlets. The communication is always done in person or on the phone and never by e-mail. This is because if theres ever any dispute about what transpired, theres no physical evidence to prove the false of either partys version of the story.[9] So it is all about the business or marketing tactics. By control leaks, Apple will know who the public will respond to their new products and it is a free method to survey and free method to advertise the potential new products. All of the rumors or lawsuits that are related to Apple company well shown in their stock (AAPL) that listed on Nasdaq. The stock price will go higher before there are any events and if the new product release meets the public expectation the stock price will be rise again or remain same. But if out of expectation, the price will be drop. So as the lawsuits, by winning the lawsuit will help to push up the stock. 5.1.2 Open door versus closed door The second strategy related to secrecy is about the open door versus closed door. Since the day Microsoft collaborate with IBM when IBM approach Microsoft for needing the operating system for their new to-be-announced PC. The personal computer (PC) that creates by the IBM is open architecture, which means that peripheral components and compatible software can be produce and sell by other manufacturers without purchasing licenses. Soon there comes other manufactures to reverse engineered the PC which so call the IBM PC compatible. As the success of the IBM PC lead the PC become the standard in the industry and lead many of the other companies to start to clone it. Due to the popularity of the IBM PC, it helps to push to Microsoft to world because all of the clone will use the Microsoft DOS operating system. After more than 30 years of evolution, nowadays there are full of computer company such as Dell, Asus, Acer, etc which is PC maker and seller. It is not too over to say that each of the PC that they sold come with the pre-install Windows operating system that developed by Microsoft. The statistics showed that more than 90% of the operating system market shares are own by Microsoft.[10] How Microsoft reach so far? The answer is collaboration with the hardware manufactures and with software programmer. Microsoft released the Application Programming Interface (API) inside the operating system for the use of the programmer. Since the PC is very popular and due to the popularity and high demand, so there are a lots of programs which is wrote to be work in Windows operating system. Back to computer manufacture, each PC that preinstall with the Windows operating system must be genuine. The charge for the operating system at the end will be pay by the end users. From there Microsoft get a lo t of income from the licenses. Because of the needed of collaboration with different parties, Microsoft need to release their road map or preview of the new software in advance order to let or encourage or make sure the manufactures to build their offerings around Microsoft new systems. Sure, this will only let Microsoft a stranglehold on the software market. For Apple, it is totally different. Apple hardware is a close architecture, so only Apple proprietary software can match with proprietary hardware. It is totally black box operations. Mac OS X is just for Apple Mac computers, iPhone OS just for Apple iPhone or iPod. Apple have different keyboard layout, different connector for video output. By using iPod or iPhone, the only software that you can sync with is by using iTunes. Unlike Windows mobile operating system or Windows operating system that is designed to work on any participating computer or handset. So there is totally no openness and interoperability in Apple compare to Microsoft. Due to that close looped and high prices, less people which the Mac OS X market share less than 5% and the software that operable on the Mac OS X is quite limited and the driver for peripherals hardware that work with Mac OS X also limited. But on the other hand, because of the ecosystem, Apple can design the combination of hardware and software tha t work well together, this can ensure that whole system is running smoothly and to enhance the user experience which others cant deliver. The advantage for Apple is they only write the software for their own hardware so there are fewer problems, for Microsoft, as they need to support all of the variant hardware then it run on, so there will be more problems to deal with. 5.1.3 How to reach customers The third point is how the both company reach their customers. Usually there are three ways to reach the customers, first is through the official online store, secondly is directly through the concept store and the last and the most important method is through advertisement. The Microsoft online store aka Microsoft Marketplace offers all the latest products from Microsoft and computer or hardware by third party manufactures. It provides all the specifications, minimum requirements, pricing, comparison between products and other details that will be need by the buyers. User can select the products and add into cart then directly pay by credit card to get the products. Unfortunately, Microsoft Marketplace just available to selected countries only which exclude Malaysia. Beside for the software for computer, Microsoft also provides the software for smart phone. For the Windows mobile platform there is a special store or platform for users to view and download the applications, games tha t create by third party developer which name as Windows marketplace for mobile. The virtual store is not enough to interact with users. So why the concept store is so important? It is because there are demands for users to physically experience the stuff, to introduce to the new technology and get the direct help from the professionals. So it leads to opening of the official concept store. For Microsoft, they have total two Microsoft store at United States, both open in 2009. Microsoft store is target to improve the customers retail purchase experience for Microsoft products, provide opinions and help consumers to make decisions with their PC and software purchases. The store provide wide variety of products, it offers both hardware and software that create by Microsoft such as Microsoft windows, Microsoft office, Xbox 360, Zune potable media player etc. It also offers the personal computers that manufactured by third parties manufactures such as HP, IBM, Dell etc. Most of the PC peripherals and accessories can be found in the store too. For both hardware part a nd software part, customers can have a test drive at there about all the new technologies or functions that provide by Microsoft for new software and entertain their self with Xbox 360 or the Zune. There is also a corner named as Answer bar which duty by the Microsoft professional with the meaning of helps to answer and troubleshoot the problems about Microsoft products. Beside the normal customer service, they also provide the after sales service at there. For the faulty Microsoft hardware can be send to there for the repair. Class sessions also provided to introduce to the new users to highlight all the basic and new functions. For Apple, same as Microsoft, they have both the online store and the concept store so call Apple Store. But both the Apple online store and concept store are quite different with the Microsoft. For Microsoft the main idea is for promote and introduce their product to the public and not sales. This is because personal computer can buy from the manufacture and maybe the manufacture provides more promotions or offers. For the software part, most of them are bundle with the new computers. But this is totally different for Apple. For Apple, all the software and hardware are custom by themselves. So they are the only one who provides the service or warranty. All the faulty hardware which cant solve by the authorized distributor is send back to Apple. For Microsoft, they just provide online store for few countries, but for Apple, they provide the online store for most of the country in the world which all the price are display in the local currency. For Apple online store, they provide bot h the hardware and software from themselves and third party too. The special about the Apple online store is they provide the education discount for both the students and lectures. The education prices are lower than market price, so that it can encourage the students or lectures to switch to the Apple ecosystem more affordable. As mention above, Apple website is the only way to get the new information about the Apple. So as the online store, it is the only way to get information about the updates or refresh of the current Apple product lines. When the online store is down, there are only two possibilities, one is for maintenance and another is for product update. Beside the online store, there are other stores such as Apps Store which provide the applications for the ipod touch, iphone and ipad by third parties. Itunes store to sell the music, video, ringtone, drama to both the mac and windows users. For Apple concept store, there are totally 286 stores in worldwide. Inside the store provide all the product range from Apple. In order to run the store effectively and achieve high customers stratifications, all the staff are been well trained for specific tasks. The level of training depends on the post that currently holds. First is store manager that in charge of whole team members, evaluate their performance and manage the profitability. Second is concierge/ specialist, there are quite a numbers of specialist such as Inventory Control, Back of House and Personal Shopping Specialist. For Personal Shopping Specialist they performs assorted customer service tasks, such as conduct product sales and answers enquires about Apple products and their main task is to deliver unique shopping experience to customers . Third is Creative which been well trained to provides training or advice, teach about all Apples software and pro applications to customers. As Apple very focus about the cust omer service and from the statistic of Customer Service Champs 2010 that done from the BusinessWeek magazine, Apple get 3rd rank which is highest among all the computer manufacture. Last but not least, there is also Apple Genius that serves at the Genius Bar to diagnoses and identifies the possible problems, perform repairing, replacement services for the products that under recall or needed and provide technical support to Apple users. To attract the visitors to Apple store, Apple had made many affords. One of it is the architecture and interior design. In a results, numerous architectural awards been award to its store designs, so thats make it Apple Store so unique to each others such as the Apple Store at the 5th Avenue of New York. It is the underground store which its entrance is a big glass cube. The most unique and eyes catching interior design is the glass staircase that leads to the underground store. Beside that the glass staircase was awarded design pattern in 2002.[11] For the advertising part, both companies almost perform same to each other. First is by sending email. This is because it is a most cost effective way. Usually the email will introduce either the new products or the promotion of the current products. By sending the email or newsletter to the subscriber, it can create the awareness of the customers towards the advertisement, help to create loyal customers and serve as a reminder. Through the email newsletters that send, the direct sales can be increase and will lead to increase the income. Nowadays, the usages of the search engines are part of the daily life. Just key the website or information that wishes to look for at the search engine, and you will get the page that require. So advertising through the search engine is the way to do so. Search engine company provide paid search advertising at the top of the all the results when the keywords are matched. This allow interested visitor to browse the details, increase the business revenue and reduce spending limit. For Apple, for the major products such as iPod, iPhone and iPad, or when there are major improvements over old products, they will publish the advertisement video to introduce the features or the uniqueness of the products. Besides that, the most famous Apple advertisement is the Get a Mac, which use to compare between the PC and Mac computer. To compete with the advertisement, Microsoft creates Im PC advertisements which focus on the price of PC which is cheaper over Mac computers. Another strategy which use by Microsoft and later follow by Apple is use the strength of social media. By using social media, the end users or customers will help to spread out the information which is product advertising. The reviews by the professionals or pioneers are post at the Facebook or Youtube to introduce their products. Communicate with the users are important for Microsoft strategy, so they create blogs, discussion groups on forum or social networking website such as Facebook or even Twitter to provide the frequent information updates about new products and use the platform as the brand ambassador to increase to adoption rate of new products. From listening the feedback rather than self defend can help Microsoft to improve and create better products. As discussed above, the suggestions or opinions from users act as a feedback look and make a whole close loop ecosystem. For Apple, there are two official Facebook page, one for iTunes and another for Apps Store. The content include introduce the new apps or song and direct link to the store for further purchasing, which is another way to promote the items. Overall, the social media can be effective tool for marketing, it also allow user to voice their opinions and suggestions and participate in the product development cycle, which result better products for better future. [12] 5.2 Compare and Contrast of Innovations 5.2.1 Apple Innovations According to the survey percent of people thinks that Apple is more innovative. It is a norm where when discuss about innovation, most computer and electronics consumers will focus and chasing for Apple, and that why Forbes Magazine ranked Apple in 1st place for most admired company for innovation. The formula for Apple is keep increase the spending for RD, keep innovate, keep launch the new products or updates and lastly keep the competitors far behind. Apple do innovate quite a number of technologies, but it is surprise that in many cases Apple do help to push the technologies in the mainstream but Apple did not invent the core technologies. Steve jobs said that You cant ask people what they want next, they wont know, they cant tell you what they want next, they just know when they see it and feel that it gonna be right things. First of all is graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was introduced by Apple in 1984 named as Mac OS pairing with its Apple Lisa computer and changes the computer industry since ever. Before the introduction of GUI to public, all the personal computers were power by dot matrix command line operating system, to execute any command, user need to type in the command and the interaction and it is not user friendly at all. In the truth is the GUI generally credited to Xerox because the idea is get from Xerox when Steve Jobs and other Apple executives visit the Xerox research center in 1979. On the other hand, Apple do help to innovate for GUI, Apple include the drag and drop, double click, menu bar at top of the screen with pull down menu. All the steps follow by Microsoft with release Windows 1.0 in late 1985. [13] With the introduced of GUI in Mac OS, Apple introduced the mouse to be the pointer for its GUI. Apple did not invent the mouse, the mouse was invent by Douglas Engelbart and ship with Xerox workstations in 1981. As a result of population, nowadays all the desktop computer must pair with a keyboard and mouse. [14] The successor for Apple Lisa is Apple Macintosh. It is the first commercially successful all in one personal computer feature with GUI and mouse. All in one computer not the original idea from Apple as older 8 bit computers such as Commodore PET and Kaypro implemented this concept first. [15] After Steve Jobs back in 1997, he announced iMac in 1998 which is all in one computer which brightly colored transparent casing for monitor, keyboard and mouse. This is the 1st computer for Apple to return its profitability after return if Steve. Since then iMac been categorized as mid range price computer and the newest of iMac feature 21.5 and 27 inch LCD screen. As the uniqueness and the all in one pc reduce the space consumption, nowadays other manufacture such as NEC, LENOVO, DELL release their own all in one pc with Windows OS to grab the market share of all in one pc. Another story for introduction of iMac in 1998 is abandoning old technology such as remove the floppy disk drive. The remove of floppy was